This year’s June was the hottest ever recorded in western Europe and the second-warmest globally at 1.39°C above the estimated pre-industrial average, according to the European Union’s climate change services.
Record-breaking land temperatures coincided with the warmest June sea surface temperatures ever observed, stressing the continued accumulation of heat within the Earth’s climate system, data from the EU’s Copernicus Climate Change Service and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) published on Thursday reveal.
“Together, these records reflect a climate system continuing to accumulate heat. The result is increasingly intense heatwaves, a persistently warm ocean, and growing risks for people, ecosystems and infrastructure across Europe and beyond,” said Samantha Burgess, strategic lead for climate at ECMWF.
Western and central Europe experienced an intense late-June heatwave that shattered monthly and all-time temperature records in several countries, including Germany and the Czech Republic. The event followed an unusually severe heatwave in May and was followed with another beginning in early July, illustrating an increasingly persistent pattern of extreme summer heat.
The rapid succession of major heatwaves suggests that extreme heat is no longer an isolated event but an increasingly prolonged feature of European summers.
The impacts extended beyond high temperatures with dry conditions across much of Europe, particularly the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, and parts of eastern Europe, increased wildfire activity, reduced river flows, and intensified drought risk, which undermines food production.
Professor Ottmar Edenhofer, chair of the EU’s independent climate advisory body, the European scientific advisory board on climate change, said that achieving the EU’s 2040 and 2050 climate targets in a cost‑effective manner requires “meaningful emission reductions across the entire economy”.
“While agriculture has made progress, the scale and pace of reductions are not yet sufficient. The sector will need to step up action in the years ahead – to help achieve climate neutrality and to protect farmers’ livelihoods, support rural communities, and secure Europe’s food supply as the climate continues to change,” Edenhofer said after the launch of a report in March.
El Niño
Meanwhile, marine heatwaves spread across the western Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines, threatening marine ecosystems. Globally, June 2026 recorded the highest June sea surface temperatures for the world’s ice-free oceans, narrowly exceeding the previous record set in 2024, according to EU data.
Scientists attributed this partly to strengthening El Niño conditions – climate pattern where the surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean become significantly warmer than usual – although EU climate data argues that long-term human-driven climate change remains the dominant factor behind rising global temperatures.
However, others have reservations about whether El Niño is responsible for the increase in global warming.
Climate experts warned that these records demonstrate a climate system storing increasing amounts of heat, resulting in more frequent and intense heatwaves with growing consequences for public health, ecosystems and infrastructure.
On the sidelines of the Bonn Climate Change Conference, the UN’s technical negotiations ahead of the COP31 climate conference, Dr. William Lamb, senior researcher at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, said that Europe was heading towards another summer of record temperatures and extreme weather events.
Human activities pushed warming to 1.37°C in 2025, with global temperatures projected to surpass 1.5°C in about four years, Lamb said, suggesting the rate at which heat is accumulating in the Earth system suggests high levels of future warming.
“Our study shows greenhouse gas emissions are at an all-time high, mainly from the burning of fossil fuels. Climate impacts already cost billions to Europe’s economy and extort heavy tolls on human lives,” Lamb said.
Faced with the daunting task of curbing greenhouse gas emissions while at the same time mitigating increasingly growing temperatures, the European Commission has pledged to pivot from climate mitigation to climate adaptation. The public shift came after 1,300 deaths were linked to Europe’s recent heatwaves.