Protesters also disrupted traffic in Bnei Brak and other locations across Israel.
“We are forced to go to the army that it is brainwashing, and we can’t keep our religion,” said Dovi, one of the demonstrators.
Military service is mandatory for most Jewish Israeli citizens, but ultra-Orthodox men have long been exempted under a special arrangement.
Tensions escalated after ultra-Orthodox parties quit the coalition last week, citing disagreement over a proposed law to end exemptions for religious students.
The ultra-Orthodox community, comprising about 13% of Israel’s population, maintains that full-time Torah study is a sacred duty.