Since its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Russia has ramped up its campaign of so-called hybrid attacks — such as arson, cyber and information campaigns, or sabotage — throughout Europe.
Recent examples include the alleged cutting of energy and communications cables in the Baltic Sea, which German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius described as “sabotage.” In that case, as in many other examples of hybrid attacks, it is difficult for governments to quickly and definitively attribute the attacks to Moscow.
The number of these types of attacks has reached a level that would previously have been considered “utterly unacceptable,” Appathurai said. “We can definitely count dozens. Up to 100 for sure. But then there’s a lot of foiled plots,” he said.
NATO is updating its strategy on hybrid warfare, first written in 2015, so it can be clearer about what type of attacks would trigger a full-scale military response.
“What we need to do now is be clearer among ourselves and then decide how we communicate that also to the Russians, that there are no-go areas,” Appathurai said.
